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What is Child Abuse?  

Child abuse and neglect includes physically or emotionally hurting a child, sexually molesting a child, failing to provide proper care for a child, and depriving a child of support, medical care and affection.

Ontario's Child and Family Services Act states that a child is in need of protection in the following circumstances:

a child has suffered or is at risk of suffering physical harm, inflicted by a caregiver or caused by the caregiver's failure to adequately care for the child
there is a pattern of neglect in supervising a child
a child has been sexually molested by a caregiver or by another person where the caregiver knows or should know of the possibility of sexual molestation and fails to protect the child
a child requires medical treatment and the caregiver does not provide the treatment
a child has suffered emotional harm resulting from the actions of the caregiver
a child suffers from a mental, emotional or developmental condition and the caregiver does not provide or is unable to consent to treatment
a child has been abandoned
a child's parent has died or is unable to care for the child and has not made adequate provision for the child's care
a child is in a residential placement and the parent refuses or is unable or unwilling to resume the child's care and custody
a child, who is less than twelve years old, seriously injures another person or causes serious damage to another person's property, and treatment is necessary and the caregiver does not provide or is unable to consent to treatment.

Causes of Abuse

We don't know all the causes of child abuse and neglect. We do know that parenting is a big responsibility that at times, when combined with other life stresses, can become too much.

Parenting can become overwhelming when parents have little support from family or friends, when parents are very young and are not prepared for the responsibility, or when they do not know what to do when their child misbehaves.

The most important job we ever have is that of parenting. But few people are taught how to be a good parent.

Often the experiences we had as children and the techniques used to raise us are the tools we use when parenting our own children. Some abusive adults were themselves mistreated as children.

Common life stresses, such as a major illness or financial problems, may also provide the impetus for an abusive situation, if combined with a lack of knowledge of parenting, child development or child behaviour management.

A substance abuse problem further impairs the ability to be a good parent.

 

 Children exhibit signs of abuse and neglect in a many different ways. Often they exhibit number of behavioural and physical indicators. Children may exhibit some of the indicators listed below, but this is not necessarily conclusive evidence of abuse.


Physical Abuse

We don't know all the causes of child abuse and neglect. We do know that parenting is a big responsibility that at times, when combined with other life stresses, can become too much.

Physical abuse is any harm to a child caused by the action (or lack of action) of the child's caregiver. Injuries that may occur include: bruising, welts, cuts, fractures, burns or internal injuries. Physical abuse can occur as an isolated incident or continue over a period of time.

Signs of physical abuse include:

Presence of various injuries over a period of time
Facial injuries in infants and preschool children
Injuries inconsistent with the child's age
Presence of several injuries that are in various stages of healing
Cannot recall how injuries occurred
Offers an inconsistent explanation
Wary of adults
May flinch if touched unexpectedly
Extremely aggressive
Extremely withdrawn
Indiscriminately seeks affection

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Emotional Abuse

Emotional abuse includes all acts that result in the lack of a nurturing environment for a child. It occurs when the caregiver treats the child in such a negative way that the child's concept of "self" is seriously impaired. Emotional abuse can be the most difficult to identify and prove.

Emotionally abusive behaviour by the caregiver can include:

constant yelling
demeaning remarks
rejecting, ignoring or isolating the child
terrorizing the child

Signs of emotional abuse can include:

Severe depression
Extreme withdrawal
Extreme aggression
Extreme attention seeking
Extreme inhibition
Bed wetting that is non-medical in origin
Frequent psychosomatic complaints (headaches, nausea, abdominal pains)
Failure to thrive

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Neglect

Neglect usually results from the lack of knowledge about appropriate care for children or an inability to plan appropriately for the child's needs.

Neglect includes a caregiver failing to provide:

adequate food and shelter
safety
medical or psychological treatment
supervision
adequate sleep
clothing

Signs of neglect include:

Poor hygiene
Unattended physical problems or medical needs
Consistent lack of supervision
Frequent absence from school
Engaged in delinquent acts or alcohol/drug abuse
Frequently without a lunch
Inappropriate clothing for the weather
Consistently dirty clothes

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Sexual Abuse

Sexual abuse is any sexual exploitation of a child by an older person. The Criminal Code of Canada identifies a number of types of sexual abuse, including:

Invitation to sexual touching
Sexual exploitation
Procuring sexual activity from a child
Caregiver permitting sexual activity
Exposing genitals to a child
Incest
Exposing to or engaging in pornography

Signs of sexual abuse include:

Age-inappropriate play with toys, self or others
Unusual or excessive itching in the genital or anal area
Injuries to the genital or anal areas, e.g. bruising, swelling or infection
Displaying explicit sexual acts
Torn, stained or bloody underwear
Age-inappropriate sexually explicit drawing or descriptions
Bizarre, sophisticated or unusual sexual knowledge
Prostitution
Seductive behaviour